…we all do it, we just don’t always do it on purpose…
Reasoning is the art of making sure what you think. i.e. being able to defend what you believe in a way that others can understand
Making reasonable arguments that presuppose and counter others reasonable objections. This is an important skill that involves learning and creating counter-arguments to your ideas.
Inductive reasoning involves inducing meaning into some material. This is, in fact, the type of thinking that an author utilizes. However, it is presumptive (and incorrect) for a reader to do this. This is not the same as application; that is, personalizing an interpretation of some material. Induction means giving a meaning that is not original to the material.
Deductive reasoning involves deducing meaning from some material. However, only a few meanings which we could deduce from some material are valid. Discovering these valid deductions involves understanding the context of the material. e.g. to understand a sentence we ought to read the sentences near it, then the surrounding chapter, and the whole book… However, there are multiple contexts: